Chapter+Vocabulary

Chapter Vocabulary  **Evidence-based practice: T**he idea that instructional techniques should be based on research findings and research-based theory.  **Instructional effectiveness: T**hat is, identifying instructional methods or features that have been shown to improve learning.


 * Asyncronous e-Learning: **Online learning that occurs at different times depending on the convenience and the flexibility of the student's schedule;


 * Synchronous e-Learning: **Online learning that occurs at the same time limiting the student to when a class or lesson takes place.

**Ineffective treatment:** The instructional treatment does not have an effect on learning.

**Inadequate sample size:** There are not enough learners in each group.

**Insensitive measure**: The dependent measure was not sensitive enough to detect differences in learning outcomes.

**Inadequate treatment implementation:** The treatment and control groups were not different enough from each other.

**Insensitivity to learners:** The learners were not sensitive enough to the treatment.

**Confounding variables:** The treatment and control groups differ on another important variable.

**Random assignment:** The idea that learners are randomly assigned to groups.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">**Experimental control:** The idea that the experimental group and the control should receive identical treatments except for instructional treatment.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">**Information delivery view of learning:** The instructor’s job is to present information and the learner’s job is to acquire the information.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Personalization Principle **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">s: Use informal speech, pedagogical agents, and make authors visible.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Multimedia Principle: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Use text and relevant graphics that support the text be used when designing an e-learning course.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">**Voice principle:** People learn better from narration with a human voice than a machine voice.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Contiguity Principle: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Use of close proximity of text and graphics.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">**Preliminary evidence:** People learn better from a human voice with a standard accent rather than a foreign accent.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">**Pedagogical agents:** On-screen characters who help guide the learning process during an e-learning episode.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Worked Example: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">A step-by-step demonstration of how to perform a task or how to solve a problem.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">**Segmenting principle:** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Breaking down larger lessons into smaller ones to make learning the content more manageable.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">**Pretraining principle:** Provide pre-training in the names and characteristics of the key concepts in the lesson.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">**Upper Esophageal Sphincter:** Devote cognitive processing to building a mental model of how that component relates to others in the causal chain.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Principles of e-Learning: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Rules or recommendations that help to provide the best online learning environment possible.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Modality Principle: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Providing narration or audio rather than text.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Redundancy Principle: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Choose between text or audio/narrator rather than providing both.